Repaying Debts of Gratitude
Nichiren

The old fox never forgets the hillock where he was born; the white turtle repaid the kindness he had received from Mao Pao. If even lowly creatures know enough to do this, then how much more should human beings! Thus Yu Jang, a worthy man of old, fell on his sword in order to repay the debt he owed his lord Chih Po, and the minister Hung Yen for similar reasons cut open his stomach and inserted the liver of his dead lord, Duke Yi of Wei. What can we say, then, of persons who are devoting themselves to Buddhism? Surely they should not forget the debts of gratitude they owe to their parents, their teachers, and their country.

But if one intends to repay these great debts of gratitude, he can hope to do so only if he studies and masters the Buddhist teachings, becoming a person of wisdom. If he does not, he will be like a man who attempts to lead a company of the blind over bridges and across rivers when he himself has sightless eyes. Can a ship steered by someone who cannot even tell the direction of the wind ever carry the traveling merchants to the mountains where treasure lies?

If one hopes to study and master the Buddhist teachings, then he cannot do so without devoting time to the task. And if he wants to have time to spend on the undertaking, he cannot continue to wait on his parents, his teachers, and his sovereign. Until he attains the road that leads to emancipation, he should not defer to the wishes and feelings of his parents and teachers, no matter how reasonable they may be.

Many people may think that counsel such as this runs counter to secular virtues and also fails to accord with the spirit of Buddhism. But in fact secular texts such as the Classic of Filial Piety make clear that there are times when one can be a loyal minister or a filial child only by refusing to obey the wishes of one's sovereign or parents. And in the sacred scriptures of Buddhism it is said, "By renouncing one's obligations and entering nirvana one can truly repay those obligations in full." Pi Kan refused to go along with his sovereign's wishes and thereby came to be known as a worthy man. Crown Prince Siddhartha disobeyed his father King Shuddhodana and yet became the most outstanding filial son in all the threefold world. These are examples of what I mean.

Once I had understood this and prepared to cease deferring to my parents and teachers and instead to delve into the truths of Buddhism, I found that there are ten bright mirrors that reflect the sacred doctrines of the Buddha's lifetime of teachings. These are the ten sects of Buddhism known as the Kusha, Jojitsu, Ritsu, Hosso, Sanron, Shingon, Kegon, Jodo, Zen, and Tendai-Hokke sects. Scholars today believe that, with these ten sects as enlightened teachers, one should understand the heart of all the sacred scriptures, and claim that these ten mirrors all in an accurate manner reflect the path of the Buddha's teachings. However, we may set aside for now the three Hinayana sects [Kusha, Jojitsu, and Ritsu]. They are like a message that is somehow sent to a foreign country by a private citizen and therefore lacks authority.

But the seven Mahayana sects are a great ship that can carry us across the vast sea of suffering and take us to the shore of the pure land. By studying and understanding them, we can save ourselves and at the same time lead others to salvation. When, with this thought in mind, I began to examine them, I found that each of the seven Mahayana sects sings its own praises, saying, "Our sect and our sect alone represents the very heart of the Buddha's lifetime of teaching!"

There are men such as Tu-shun, Chih-yen, Fa-tsang, and Ch'eng-kuan of the Kegon sect; Hsuan-tsang, Tz'u-en, Chih-chou and Chisho of the Hosso sect; Hsing-huang and Chia-hsiang of the Sanron sect; Shan-wu-wei, Chin-kang-chih, Pu-k'ung, Kobo, Jikaku and Chisho of the Shingon sect; Bodhidharma, Hui-k'o and Hui-neng of the Zen sect; and Tao-ch'o, Shan-tao, Huai-kan and Genku [Honen] of the Jodo sect. Basing themselves on the particular sutras and treatises favored by their respective sects, these leaders of the various sects all claim that "our sect" understands all of the myriad sutras, that "our sect" has grasped the innermost meaning of the Buddha's teachings.

Thus, some of these men claim, "The Kegon Sutra is first among all the sutras; other sutras such as the Lotus and the Dainichi are its underlings." Again, the leaders of the Shingon sect claim, "The Dainichi or Great Sun Sutra is first among all the sutras; the other sutras are like crowds of little stars." The men of the Zen sect say, "The Ryoga Sutra is first among all the sutras." And so forth for the men of the various other sects. The many Buddhist teachers whose names I have listed above are honored by the people of our time, who pay reverence to them in the way that all the heavenly deities pay reverence to the god Taishaku and follow them in the way the hosts of stars follow the sun and the moon.

For ordinary people like us, whomever we may take as our teacher, if we have faith in him, then we will not think him inadequate in any way. But though others may still revere and believe [in the teachers of their respective sects], I, Nichiren, have found it difficult to dispel my doubts.

When we look at the world, we find each of the various sects saying, "We are the one, we are the one!" But within a nation, there can be only one man who is sovereign. If two men try to be sovereign, the country will know no peace. Likewise, if one house has two masters, it will surely face destruction. Must it not be the same with the sutras?

Among the various sutras, there must be one which is the monarch of all. Yet the ten sects and seven sects I have mentioned all argue with each other over which of the sutras it is and can reach no consensus. It is as though seven men or ten men were all trying to be the monarch of a single nation, thus keeping the populace in constant turmoil.

Wondering how to resolve this dilemma, I made a vow. I decided that I would not heed the claims of these eight or ten sects, but would do as the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai did and let the sutras themselves be my sole teacher, in this way determining which of the various teachings of the Buddha's lifetime are superior and which are inferior. With this in mind, I began to read through all the sutras.

In a scripture called the Nirvana Sutra, the Buddha says, "Rely on the Law and not upon persons." Relying on the Law here means relying on the various sutras. Not relying upon persons means not relying on persons other than the Buddha, such as Bodhisattvas Fugen and Monjushiri or the various Buddhist teachers I have enumerated earlier.

In the same sutra, the Buddha also says, "Rely on the sutras that are complete and final and not on those which are not complete and final." When he speaks of the "sutras that are complete and final," he is referring to the Lotus Sutra, and when he speaks of "those which are not complete and final," he means the Kegon, Dainichi, Nirvana and other sutras preached before, during, and after the preaching of the Lotus Sutra.

If we are to believe these dying words of the Buddha, we must conclude that the Lotus Sutra is the only bright mirror we should have, and that through it we can understand the heart of all the sutras.

Accordingly, let us turn to the text of the Lotus Sutra itself. There we find it stated that "This Lotus Sutra [is the secret storehouse of Buddhas]. Among the sutras, it holds the highest place." If we accept these words of the sutra, then, like Taishaku dwelling on the peak of Mount Sumeru, like the wish-granting jewel that crowns the wheel-turning kings, like the moon that dwells above the forest of trees, like the fleshy protuberance that tops the head of a Buddha, so the Lotus Sutra stands like a wish-granting jewel crowning the Kegon, Dainichi, Nirvana and all the other sutras.

If we set aside the pronouncements of the scholars and teachers and rely upon the text of the sutra, then we can see that the Lotus Sutra is superior to the Dainichi, Kegon and all the other sutras as plainly and as easily as a sighted person can distinguish heaven form earth when the sun is shining in a clear blue sky.

And if we examine the texts of the Dainichi, Kegon, and the other sutras, we will find that there is not a word or even a dot in them that resembles the above-cited passage of the Lotus Sutra. True, at times they speak about the superiority of the Mahayana sutras as compared to the Hinayana sutras, or of the Buddhist truth as opposed to secular truth, or they praise the truth of the Middle Way as opposed to the various views that phenomena are non-substantial or that they have only provisional existence. But in fact they are like the rulers of petty kingdoms who, when addressing their subjects, speak of themselves as great kings. It is the Lotus Sutra that, in comparison to these various rulers, is the true Great King.

The Nirvana Sutra alone of all the sutras has passages that resemble those of the Lotus Sutra. For this reason, the Buddhist scholars who preceded T'ien-t'ai in both northern and southern China were led astray into declaring that the Lotus Sutra is inferior to the Nirvana Sutra. But if we examine the text of the Nirvana Sutra itself, we will find that, as in the Muryogi Sutra, the comparison is being made between the Nirvana Sutra and the sutras of the Kegon, Agon, Hodo and Hannya periods that were expounded during the first forty or more years of the Buddha's preaching life. It is in comparison to these earlier sutras that the Nirvana Sutra declares itself to be superior.

Moreover, the Nirvana Sutra, comparing itself with the Lotus Sutra, says, "When this [Nirvana] sutra was preached,... the prediction had already been made in the Lotus Sutra that the eight thousand shomon disciples would attain Buddhahood, a prediction which was like a great harvest. Thus, the autumn harvest was over and the crop had been stored away for winter [when this Nirvana Sutra was expounded], and there was nothing left for it [but a few gleanings]." This passage from the Nirvana Sutra is saying that the Nirvana Sutra is inferior to the Lotus Sutra.

The above passages [from the Lotus and Nirvana sutras] are perfectly clear on this point. Nevertheless, even the great scholars of northern and southern China went astray, so students of later ages should take care to examine them very thoroughly. For the passage [from the Lotus Sutra] not only establishes the superiority of the Lotus Sutra over the Nirvana Sutra, but indicates its superiority over all other sutras in the worlds of the ten directions.

Earlier, there were those who were misled concerning these passages, but after such great teachers as T'ien-t'ai, Miao-lo, and Dengyo had clearly indicated their meaning, one would suppose that any person with eyes would understand them. Nevertheless, even such men as Jikaku and Chisho of the Tendai sect failed to understand these passages correctly, so what can one expect from the members of the other sects?

Someone might doubt my words, saying that, although the Lotus Sutra is the finest among all the sutras that have been brought to China and Japan, in India and in the realms of the dragon kings, the Four Heavenly Kings, the sun and the moon, the Trayastrimsha Heaven, or the Tushita Heaven, there are as many sutras as there are sands in the Ganges. Among these, may there not be one that is superior to the Lotus Sutra?

I would reply that by looking at one thing, you can surmise ten thousand. This is what is meant by the statement that you can come to know all under heaven without ever going out of your garden gate. But a fool will have doubts, saying, "I have seen the sky in the south, but I have not seen the sky in the east or west or north. Perhaps the sky in those other three directions has a different sun in it from the one I know." Or he will see a column of smoke rising up beyond the hills, and, although the smoke is in plain sight, because he cannot see the fire itself, he will conclude that the fire may not really exist. Such a person is my questioner, an icchantika or man of incorrigible disbelief, no different from a man with sightless eyes!

In the Hosshi chapter of the Lotus Sutra, Shakyamuni Buddha, uttering words of absolute sincerity from his golden mouth, establishes the relative superiority of the various sutras he expounded during the fifty or more years of his preaching life, saying, "The scriptures I preach number in the countless millions. Among all those I have preached, now preach and will preach, this Lotus Sutra is the most difficult to believe and the most difficult to understand."

Though this scripture, the Lotus Sutra, was preached by a single Buddha, Shakyamuni, all the bodhisattvas from the stage of togaku on down should honor it and have faith in it. For the Buddha Taho came from the east and testified to the truth of the sutra, and all other Buddhas assembled from the ten directions and stretched their long, broad tongues up to the Brahma Heaven just as Shakyamuni did. Afterward, they all returned to their respective lands. The words "have preached, now preach and will preach" include not only the sutras preached by Shakyamuni in his fifty years of teaching, but all the sutras preached by all the Buddhas of the ten directions and three existences without setting aside a single character or even a single dot. It is in comparison to all of these that the Lotus Sutra is proclaimed to be superior. At that time all the Buddhas of the ten directions indicated their agreement. If, after they had returned to their respective lands, they had told their disciples that there was in fact a sutra that is superior to the Lotus Sutra, do you suppose their disciples would ever have believed them?

If there are those who, though they have not seen it with their own eyes, nevertheless suspect that there may be a sutra superior to the Lotus Sutra somewhere in India or in the palaces of the dragon kings, the Four Heavenly Kings, or the gods of the sun and moon, I would say this. Were not Bonten and Taishaku, the gods of the sun and moon, the Four Heavenly Kings and the dragon kings present when Shakyamuni preached the Lotus Sutra? If the sun and the moon and the other deities should say, "There is a sutra superior to the Lotus Sutra; you merely do not know about it," then they would be a sun and moon who speak great falsehoods!

In that case, I would berate them, saying, "Sun and moon, you dwell up in the sky rather than on the ground as we do, and yet you never fall down--this is because of the power you gain by observing most strictly the precept of never telling a lie. But now if you tell this great lie by saying there is a sutra superior to the Lotus Sutra, I am certain that, even before the Kalpa of Decline arrives, you will come plummeting down to earth. What is more, you will not stop falling until you have reached the depths of the great citadel of the hell of incessant suffering which is surrounded by solid iron! Beings who tell such great lies should not be allowed to remain a moment longer in the sky, circling above the four continents of the earth!" That is how I would berate them.

Yet such men of great wisdom, such great teachers and learned doctors as Ch'eng-kuan of the Kegon sect or Shan-wu-wei, Chin-kang-chih, Pu-k'ung, Kobo, Jikaku and Chisho of the Shingon sect, proclaim that the Kegon and Dainichi sutras are superior to the Lotus Sutra. Though it is not for me to judge in such matters, I would say that, in the light of the higher principles of Buddhism, such men would appear to be archenemies of the Buddhas, would they not? Beside them, evil men such as Devadatta and Kokalika are as nothing. In fact they are in a class with Mahadeva and the Great Arrogant Brahman. And those who put faith in the teachings of such men -- they too are a fearful lot indeed.

Question: Do you really proclaim that Ch'eng-kuan of the Kegon sect, Chia-hsiang of the Sanron sect, Tz'u-en of the Hosso sect, and Shan-wu-wei and the others of the Shingon sect on down to Kobo, Jikaku and Chisho are the enemies of the Buddha?

Answer: This is a very important question, a matter of the gravest concern to the Buddhist Law. Yet, on examining the text of the sutra, I find that if someone should declare that there is a sutra superior to the Lotus Sutra, then, regardless of who that person may be, he cannot escape the charge of slandering the Law. Therefore, if we go by what the sutra says, then persons such as this must be regarded as enemies of the Buddha. And if out of fear I fail to point out this fact, then the distinctions of relative merit made among the various sutras will all have been made in vain.

If, out of awe of these great teachers of the past, I should simply point at their latter-day followers and call them enemies of the Buddha, then these latter-day followers of the various sects would say, "The assertion that the Dainichi Sutra is superior to the Lotus Sutra is not something that we ourselves invented on their own. It is the doctrine taught by the patriarchs of our sect. Though we may be no match for them in observing the precepts, in wisdom and understanding, or in status, when it comes to the doctrines that they taught, we never diverge from them in the slightest." And in that case, one would have to admit that they are guilty of no fault.

Nevertheless, if I know that this assertion is false and yet, out of fear of others, I fail to say so, then I will be ignoring the stern warning of the Buddha, who said, "He should never hold back any of the teachings, even though it may cost him his life."

What am I to do? If I speak up, I face fearful opposition from the world at large. But if I am silent, I can hardly escape the condemnation of failing to heed the Buddha's stern warning. Forward or backward, my way is blocked.

Yet perhaps it is only to be expected. For, as the Lotus Sutra states, "Since hatred and jealousy toward this sutra abound even during the lifetime of the Buddha, how much worse will it be in the world after his passing?" Again elsewhere, "The people will be full of hostility, and it will be extremely difficult to believe."

When Shakyamuni Buddha had been conceived by his mother Queen Maya, the Devil of the Sixth Heaven gazed down into Queen Maya's womb and said, "My archenemy, the sharp sword of the Lotus Sutra, has been conceived. Before the birth can take place, I must do something to destroy it!" Then the devil transformed himself into a learned physician, entered the palace of King Shuddhodana and said, "I am a learned physician and I have brought some excellent medicine that will insure the safe delivery of the child." In this way he attempted to poison the queen.

When the Buddha was born, the devil caused stones to rain down on him and mixed poison in his milk. Later, when the Buddha left the palace to enter the religious life, the devil changed himself into a black venomous serpent and tried to block his way. In addition, he entered the bodies of such evil men as Devadatta, Kokalika, King Virudhaka and King Ajatashatru, inciting them to hurl a great stone at the Buddha which injured him and drew blood, or to kill many of the Shakyas, the Buddha's clansmen, or murder his disciples.

These great persecutions were planned long ago, schemes that were designed to prevent the Buddha, the World-Honored One, from preaching the Lotus Sutra. It is persecutions such as these that the sutras mean when it says, "Hatred and jealousy ... abound even during the lifetime of the Buddha."

In addition to these troubles arising long before the Buddha preached the Lotus Sutra, there were others that occurred later when he expounded the sutra itself. [These were the doubts that arose when Shakyamuni revealed that] for forty-some years, Shariputra, Maudgalyayana and the great bodhisattvas had in fact been among the archenemies of the Lotus Sutra.

But the sutra says, "How much worse will it be in the world after his passing?" By this we know that, in a latter age after the death of the Buddha, there are bound to be persecutions and difficulties even greater and more fearful than those that occurred during his lifetime. If even the Buddha had difficulty bearing up under such persecutions, how can ordinary human beings be expected to bear them, particularly when these troubles are destined to be even greater than those that occurred during the Buddha's lifetime?

Though one might wonder what great persecutions could possibly be more terrible than the huge rock thirty feet long and sixteen feet wide that Devadatta rolled down on the Buddha or the drunken elephant that King Ajatashatru sent charging after him, if persecutions greater than those that arose during the Buddha's lifetime keep occurring again and again to someone who is not guilty of the slightest fault, then one should realize that that person is a true votary of the Lotus Sutra in the age after the Buddha's passing.

The successors of the Buddha were among the four ranks of bodhisattvas; they were messengers of the Buddha. Yet Bodhisattva Aryadeva was killed by a Brahman, the Venerable Aryasimha had his head cut off by King Dammira, Buddhamitra had to stand for twelve years under a red flag before he could attract the notice of the ruler, and Bodhisattva Nagarjuna had to stand for seven years under a similar flag. Bodhisattva Ashvaghosha was sold to an enemy country for the sum of three hundred thousand coins, and the scholar Manoratha died of chagrin. These are examples of troubles that took place in the thousand years of the Former Day of the Law.

We come now to a time five hundred years after the beginning of the Middle Day of the Law or one thousand five hundred years after the death of the Buddha. At that time in China there was a wise man who was at first known as Chih-i and later as the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai Chih-che. He determined to spread the teachings of the Lotus Sutra in their true form. There had been thousands and thousands of wise men who preceded T'ien-t'ai, and they had held various opinions concerning the teachings set forth by the Buddha in his lifetime, but in general, they were grouped into ten schools or traditions, the so-called three schools of southern China and seven schools of northern China. Of these, one school emerged as foremost among them. This was the third of the three southern schools, the school of the Dharma Teacher Fa-yun of the temple called Kuang-che-ssu.

Fa-yun divided the teachings of the Buddha's lifetime into five periods. From among the teachings of these five periods, he selected three sutras, the Kegon, the Nirvana and the Lotus. He declared that, among all the sutras, the Kegon Sutra ranks first and is comparable to the monarch of a kingdom. The Nirvana Sutra ranks second and is like the regent or prime minister, while the Lotus Sutra ranks third and is like one of the court nobles. All the other sutras are inferior to these and are comparable to the common people.

Fa-yun was by nature a man of outstanding wisdom. Not only did he study under such great teachers as Hui-kuan, Hui-yen, Seng-jou and Hui-tz'u, but he refuted the doctrines of various teachers of the northern and southern schools, and retired to the seclusion of the mountain forest, where he devoted himself to the study of the Lotus, Nirvana and Kegon sutras.

As a result, Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty summoned him to court and had a temple called Kuang-che-ssu built for him within the palace grounds, paying him great honor. When Fa-yun lectured on the Lotus Sutra, flowers fell down from the heavens just as they had done when Shakyamuni Buddha first preached it.

In the fifth year of the T'ien-chien era (A.D. 506), there was a great drought. The emperor had the Dharma Teacher Fa-yun lecture on the Lotus Sutra, and when he reached the verses in the Yakusoyu chapter that read, "The rain, spread equally,/in all four directions comes down," soft rain began to fall from the sky. The emperor was so overwhelmed with admiration that he appointed Fa-yun on the spot to the rank of Administrator of Monks (sojo), and he served him in person as the various deities serve the god Taishaku and as the common people look up in awe to their sovereign. In addition, it was revealed to someone in a dream that Fa-yun had been lecturing on the Lotus Sutra ever since the time of the Buddha named Nichigatsu Tomyo in the distant past.

Fa-yun wrote a commentary in four volumes on the Lotus Sutra. In this commentary he stated, "This sutra is not truly eminent," and spoke of it as "an unusual expedient." By this he meant that the Lotus Sutra does not fully reveal the truth of Buddhism.

Was it because Fa-yun's teachings met with the approval of the Buddha that the flowers and the rain came down on him from the sky? In any event, as a result of the wonderful and unusual things that happened to him, the people of China came to believe that the Lotus Sutra was in fact perhaps inferior to the Kegon and Nirvana sutras. This commentary by Fa-yun disseminated to the kingdoms of Silla, Paekche and Koguryo in Korea and to Japan, where people in general came to hold the same opinion as that prevalent in China.

Shortly after the death of Fa-yun, in the latter years of the Liang dynasty and the early years of the Ch'en, there appeared a young priest known as the Dharma Teacher Chih-i. He was a disciple of the Great Teacher Nan-yueh, but perhaps because he wished to clarify his understanding of his teacher's doctrines, he entered the storehouse where the scriptures were kept and examined the texts again and again. He singled out the Kegon, Nirvana and Lotus sutras as worthy of special attention, and of these three, he lectured on the Kegon Sutra in particular. In addition, he compiled a book of devotional exercises in honor of the Buddha Vairochana of the Kegon Sutra and day after day furthered his understanding of this sutra. The people of his time supposed that he did this because he considered the Kegon Sutra to be the foremost of all sutras. In fact, however, he did it because he had grave doubts about Fa-yun's assertion that the Kegon Sutra was to be ranked first, the Nirvana Sutra second, and the Lotus Sutra third, and he therefore wished to make a particularly close examination of the Kegon Sutra.

After he had done so, he concluded that, among all the sutras, the Lotus Sutra was to be ranked first, the Nirvana Sutra second, and the Kegon Sutra third. He also announced in sorrow that, although the sacred teachings of the Buddha had spread throughout the land of China, they had failed to bring benefit to its inhabitants but on the contrary caused people to stray into the evil states of existence. This, he concluded, was due to the errors of their teachers.

It was as though the leaders of the nation had told the people that east is west, or that heaven is earth, and the common people had accepted their assertions and believed accordingly. Later, if some person of humble stature should come forward and tell them that what they called west was really east, or that what they called heaven was really earth, they would not only refuse to believe him, but they would curse and attack him in order to ingratiate themselves with their leaders.

Chih-i pondered what to do about the situation. He felt that he could not remain silent, and he therefore spoke out in severe condemnation of Fa-yun of Kuang-che-ssu temple, asserting that, because of his slanders against the True Law, he had fallen into hell. With that, the Buddhist teachers of the north and south rose up like angry hornets and descended on him like a flock of crows.

Some proposed that Chih-i should have his head smashed; others, that he should be driven out of the country. The ruler of the Ch'en dynasty, hearing of what was going on, summoned a number of Buddhist leaders from north and south and had them appear in his presence along with Chih-i so that he could listen to the proceedings. There were such monks as Hui-yung, a disciple of Fa-yun, and Fa-sui, Hui-k'uang and Hui-heng, over a hundred men, all of the rank of Supervisor of Monks (sozu), Administrator of Monks or higher. They struggled to outdo each other in speaking ill of Chih-i, raising their eyebrows and glaring angrily, or clapping their hands in an impatient rhythm.

Chih-i, though he was seated in a humble position far below the others, showed no sign of emotion and made no slip of speech. Instead, with quiet dignity he took notes on each of the charges and assertions made by the other monks and succeeded in refuting it. Then he began to attack his opponents, saying, "According to the teachings of Fa-yun, the Kegon Sutra ranks first, the Nirvana Sutra second, and the Lotus Sutra third. In what sutra is the proof of this to be found? Please produce a passage that gives clear and certain proof of this!" Pressed in this way, the other monks all lowered their heads and turned pale, unable to say a word in reply.

He continued to press them, saying, "In the Muryogi Sutra, the Buddha mentions how he 'then preached the twelve divisions of the Hodo sutras, the Makahannya Sutra, and the Kegon Sutra deriving from the [Buddha's] ocean-imprint meditation.' Thus the Buddha himself mentions the Kegon Sutra by name and denies its worth, saying that in these sutras preached before the Muryogi Sutra, 'I have not yet revealed the truth.' If in the Muryogi Sutra, which is inferior to the Lotus Sutra, the Kegon Sutra is attacked in this way, then what grounds could there be for asserting that the Kegon Sutra represents the highest achievement of the Buddha's preaching life? Gentlemen, if you wish to show your loyalty to your teacher, then please produce some scriptural passage that will refute and override this passage I have cited from the Muryogi Sutra and vindicate your teacher's doctrines!

"And on what passage of scripture do you base your assertion that the Nirvana Sutra is superior to the Lotus Sutra? In the fourteenth volume of the Nirvana Sutra, there is a discussion of the relative merit of the Nirvana Sutra in comparison to the sutras of the Kegon, Agon, Hodo and Hannya periods, but no mention whatsoever of its merit in comparison to the Lotus Sutra.

"Earlier in the same sutra, however, in the ninth volume, the relative merits of the Nirvana and Lotus sutras are made abundantly clear. The passage states, 'When this [Nirvana] sutra was preached,... the prediction had already been made in the Lotus Sutra that the eight thousand shomon disciples would attain Buddhahood, a prediction which was like a great harvest. Thus, the autumn harvest was over and the crop had been stored away for winter [when this Nirvana Sutra was expounded], and there was nothing left for it [but a few gleanings].'

"This passage makes clear that the other sutras were the work of spring and summer, while the Nirvana and Lotus sutras were like a ripening or fruition. But while the Lotus Sutra was like a great fruition in which the harvest is gathered in autumn and stored away for winter, the Nirvana Sutra was like the gleaning of the fallen grain that takes place at the end of autumn and the beginning of winter.

"In this passage, the Nirvana Sutra is in effect acknowledging that it is inferior to the Lotus Sutra. And the Lotus Sutra speaks about the sutras that have already been preached, are presently being preached, and are to be preached in the future. By this, the Buddha is indicating that the Lotus Sutra is not only superior to the sutras preached before it as well as those preached at the same time, but is also superior to those he will preach afterward.

"If the Lord Shakyamuni laid it down so clearly, what room could there be for doubt? Nevertheless, because he was concerned about what might happen after his passing, he determined to have Taho Buddha of the land of Treasure Purity in the east act as a witness to the truth of his words. Therefore, Taho Buddha sprang forth from out of the earth and testified to the verity of the Lotus Sutra, saying, 'All that you [Shakyamuni Buddha] have expounded is the truth.' In addition, various Buddhas from the ten directions who were emanations of Shakyamuni Buddha gathered around and put forth their long, broad tongues until the tips reached to the Brahma Heaven, as did Shakyamuni's, in witness to the truth of the teachings.

"After that, Taho Buddha returned to the land of Treasure Purity, and the various Buddhas who were emanations of Shakyamuni returned to their respective lands in the ten directions. Then, when neither Taho Buddha nor the emanations were present, Lord Shakyamuni preached the Nirvana Sutra. If he had claimed that he Nirvana Sutra is superior to the Lotus Sutra, would his disciples in fact have believed such a thing?"

This was the way Chih-i, the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai, chided them. He was like the brilliant light of the sun and moon striking the eyes of the asuras, or the sword of the King of Han pressing against the necks of his barons, and his opponents accordingly closed their eyes tightly and let their heads droop. In his appearance and manner, T'ien-t'ai was like the lion king roaring at foxes and rabbits, or like a hawk or an eagle swooping down on doves and pheasants.

As a result, the fact that the Lotus Sutra is superior to the Kegon and Nirvana sutras became known not only throughout the whole of China, but word of it also spread to the five regions of India. There the Indian treatises of both the Mahayana and Hinayana divisions of Buddhism were inferior to T'ien-t'ai's doctrine, and the people there praised him, wondering if the Lord Shakyamuni had appeared in the world once again, or whether Buddhism would now have a second beginning.

In time the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai passed away, and the Ch'en and Sui dynasties came to an end and were replaced by the T'ang dynasty. T'ien-t'ai's successor, the Great Teacher Chang-an, also passed away, and there were few who continued to study the type of Buddhism taught by T'ien-t'ai.

Then, in the reign of Emperor T'ai-tsung, there appeared a monk named the Learned Doctor Hsuan-tsang. He journeyed to India in the third year of the Chen-kuan era (629) and returned in the nineteenth year of the same era (645). During his journey, he conducted a thorough investigation of Buddhism in India and on his return introduced to China the school known as Hosso.

This school is to the T'ien-t'ai or Tendai sect as fire is to water. Hsuan-tsang brought with him works such as the Jimmitsu Sutra, the Yuga Ron and the Yuishiki Ron that were unknown to T'ien-t'ai, and claimed that, although the Lotus Sutra is superior to the other sutras, it is inferior to the Jimmitsu Sutra. Since this was a text that T'ien-t'ai had never seen, his followers in these later times, shallow as they were in wisdom and understanding, seemed inclined to accept this allegation.

Moreover, Emperor T'ai-tsung was a wise ruler, but he placed extraordinary faith in the teachings of Hsuan-tsang. As a result, though there were those who might have wished to speak out in protest, they were, as is too often the case, awed by the authority of the throne and held their peace. Thus, regrettable as it is to relate, the Lotus Sutra was thrust aside. Hsuan-tsang taught that if people have the capacity to understand the three vehicles, then the one vehicle can be no more than an expedient to instruct them, and the three vehicles, the only true way of enlightening them, along with the theory of the five natures into which all beings are inherently divided.

Though these new teachings came from India, the home of Buddhism, it was as though the non-Buddhist teachings of India had invaded the land of China. The Lotus Sutra was declared to be a mere expedient teaching, and the Jimmitsu Sutra, the embodiment of the truth. Thus the testimony given by Shakyamuni, Taho and the other Buddhas of the ten directions was totally ignored, and instead Hsuan-tsang and his disciple Tz'u-en were looked upon as living Buddhas.

Later, during the reign of Empress Wu, a monk called the Dharma Teacher Fa-tsang appeared who, in order to vent his anger over the attacks that had been made earlier by the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai on the Kegon Sutra, founded a new school called the Kegon school. In doing so, he utilized a new translation of the Kegon Sutra that had recently been completed, using it to supplement the older translation of the Kegon Sutra that had been the target of T'ien-t'ai's attack. This school proclaimed that the Kegon Sutra represents the "root teaching" of the Buddha, while the Lotus Sutra represents the "branch teachings."

To sum up, the teachers in northern and southern China [such as Fa-yun who preceded T'ien-t'ai] ranked the Kegon Sutra first, the Nirvana Sutra second, and the Lotus Sutra third. T'ien-t'ai ranked the Lotus first, the Nirvana second, and the Kegon third. And the newly founded Kegon school ranked the Kegon first, the Lotus second, and the Nirvana third.

Later, in the reign of Emperor Hsuan-tsung, the Learned Doctor Shan-wu-wei journeyed to China from India, bringing with him the Dainichi and Soshisuji sutras. In addition, the Learned Doctor Chin-kang-chih appeared with the Kongocho Sutra. Moreover, Chin-kang-chih had a disciple named the Learned Doctor Pu-k'ung.

These three men were all Indians who not only came from very distinguished families but who were in character quite different from the priests of China. The doctrines that they taught appeared highly impressive in that they included mudras and mantras, something that had never been known in China since the introduction of Buddhism in the Later Han. In the presence of this new Buddhism, the emperor bowed his head and the common people pressed their palms together in reverence.

These men taught that, whatever the relative merits of the Kegon, Jimmitsu, Hannya, Nirvana and Lotus sutras might be, they were all exoteric teachings, the various preachings of Shakyamuni Buddha. The Dainichi Sutra which they had newly introduced, on the other hand, represented the royal pronouncements of Dainichi or Mahavairochana, the Dharma King. The other sutras were the multiple sayings of the common people; this sutra was the unique pronouncement of the Son of Heaven. Works such as the Kegon and Nirvana sutras could never hope to reach as high as the Dainichi Sutra even with the help of a ladder. Only the Lotus Sutra bears some resemblance to the Dainichi Sutra.

Nevertheless, the Lotus Sutra was preached by Shakyamuni Buddha and thus represents merely the truth as spoken by a commoner, whereas the Dainichi Sutra represents the truth as spoken by the Son of Heaven. Hence, although the words resemble each other, the persons who spoke them are as far apart as the clouds in the sky and the mud on the earth. The difference between them is like the moon that is reflected in muddy water on the one hand and in clear water on the other. Both alike are reflections of the moon, yet the nature of the water that catches the reflection is vastly different.

Such were the assertions put forth by these men, and no one attempted to examine them carefully or make clear their true nature. Instead, the other schools of Buddhism all bowed down and acknowledged themselves subservient to this new school called the Shingon.

After Shan-wu-wei and Chin-kang-chih died, Pu-k'ung made a trip to India and brought back to China a treatise entitled Bodaishin Ron, and the Shingon school grew all the more influential.

In the Tendai school, however, there appeared a priest known as the Great Teacher Miao-lo. Though he lived more than two hundred years after the time of the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai, he was extremely wise and had a clear understanding of the teachings of T'ien-t'ai. Thus he perceived, from the heart of T'ien-t'ai's interpretations, that the Lotus Sutra is superior to the Jimmitsu Sutra and the Hosso school -- which had been introduced to China after T'ien-t'ai's time -- as well as to the Kegon school and the Shingon school with its Dainichi Sutra, both schools which had first been established in China.

Up until then, either because T'ien-t'ai's followers lacked the wisdom to see what was wrong, or because they feared others or were in awe of the ruler's power, no one had spoken out. It was clear that a correct understanding of the teachings of T'ien-t'ai was about to be lost, and that the errors and heresies that were rife surpassed even those that had prevailed in northern and southern China in the period before the Ch'en and Sui dynasties. Therefore Miao-lo compiled commentaries on T'ien-t'ai's works in thirty volumes, the writings known as Guketsu, Shakusen and Shoki. These thirty volumes of commentary served not only to eliminate passages of repetition in T'ien-t'ai's works and to elucidate points that were unclear, but at the same time in one stroke they refuted the Hosso, Kegon and Shingon schools, which had escaped T'ien-t'ai's censures because they did not exist in China during his lifetime.

Turning now to Japan, we find that in the reign of the thirtieth sovereign Emperor Kimmei, on the thirteenth day of the tenth month in the thirteenth year of his reign (552), cyclical sign mizunoe-saru, a copy of the Buddhist scriptures and a statue of Shakyamuni Buddha were brought to Japan from the Korean kingdom of Paekche. And in the reign of Emperor Yomei, Crown Prince Shotoku began the study of Buddhism. He dispatched a court official named Wake no Imoko to go to China and bring back a copy of the Lotus Sutra in one volume that had belonged to him in a previous life, and expressed his determination to honor and protect the sutra.

Later, by the reign of the thirty-seventh sovereign Emperor Kotoku, the Sanron, Kegon, Hosso, Kusha and Jojitsu sects were introduced to Japan, and in the time of the forty-fifth sovereign Emperor Shomu, the Ritsu sect was introduced, thus making a total of six sects. But during the time from Emperor Kotoku to the reign of the fiftieth sovereign Emperor Kammu, a period of over 120 years during which fourteen sovereigns reigned, the Tendai and Shingon sects had not yet been introduced.

During the reign of Emperor Kammu, there was a young priest named Saicho who was a disciple of the Administrator of Monks Gyohyo of Yamashina-dera temple. He made a thorough study of Hosso and the others of the six sects mentioned above, but he felt that he had yet to reach a true understanding of Buddhism. Then he came upon a commentary which the Dharma Teacher Fa-tsang of the Kegon school had written on the Kishin Ron, and in it were quotations from the works of the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai.

These works of T'ien-t'ai seemed to be worthy of special attention, but Saicho did not even know whether they had yet been brought to Japan or not. When he questioned someone about this, the person replied that there had been a priest named Ganjin of the temple called Lung-hsing-ssu in Yang-chou in China who had studied the T'ien-t'ai teachings and had been a disciple of the Discipline Master Tao-hsien. In the latter part of the Tempyo-Shoho era (753), he came to Japan, where he worked to spread a knowledge of the Hinayana rules of monastic discipline. He had brought with him copies of the works of T'ien-t'ai, but had not attempted to disseminate them. All this took place, Saicho was told, during the time of the forty-fifth sovereign Emperor Shomu.

When Saicho asked if he could see these writings, they were brought out and shown to him. On his first perusal of them, he felt as though he had been awakened from all the delusions of birth and death. felt as though he had been awakened from all the delusions of birth and death. And when he began to consider the basic doctrines of the six sects of earlier Buddhism in the light of what he found in these writings, it became apparent that each of the sects was guilty of doctrinal error.

Immediately he vowed to do something about the situation, saying, "Because the people of Japan are all patrons of those who are slandering the True Law, the nation will surely fall into chaos!" He thereupon expressed his criticisms of the six sects, but when he did so, the great scholars of the six sects and the seven major temples of Nara rose up in anger and flocked to the capital, until the nation was in an uproar.

These men of the six sects and seven major temples were filled with the most intense animosity toward Saicho. But as it happened, on the nineteenth day of the first month of the twenty-first year of the Enryaku era (802), Emperor Kammu paid a visit to the temple called Takao-dera, and he summoned fourteen eminent priests -- namely, Zengi, Shoyu, Hoki, Chonin, Kengyoku, Ampuku, Gonso, Shuen, Jiko, Gen'yo, Saiko, Dosho, Kosho and Kambin -- to come to the temple and debate with Saicho.

These various men of the Kegon, Sanron, Hosso and other sects expounded the teachings of the founders of their respective sects just as they had learned them. But Saicho took notes on each point put forward by the men of the six sects and criticized it in the light of the Lotus Sutra, the works of T'ien-t'ai, or other sutras and treatises. His opponents were unable to say a word in reply, their mouths as incapable of speech as if they were noses.

The emperor was astounded and questioned Saicho in detail on various points. Thereafter he handed down an edict criticizing the fourteen men who had opposed Saicho.

They in turn submitted a memorial acknowledging their defeat and apologizing, in which they said, "We, students of the seven major temples and six sects,... have for the first time understood the ultimate truth."

They also said, "In the two hundred or more years since Crown Prince Shotoku spread the Buddhist teachings in this country, a great many sutras and treatises have been lectured upon and their principles have been widely argued, but until now, many doubts still remained to be settled. Moreover, the lofty and perfect doctrine of the Lotus Sutra had not yet been properly explained and made known."

They also said, "Now at last the dispute that has continued so long between the Sanron and Hosso sects has been resolved as dramatically as though ice had melted. The truth has been made abundantly clear, as though clouds and mist had parted to reveal the light of the sun, moon and stars."

Saicho, in his appraisal of the teachings of his fourteen opponents, wrote as follows: "You each lecture upon the single scripture [of your own sect], and though you sound the drums of the Dharma within the deep valleys, both lecturer and hearers continue to go astray on the paths of the three vehicles. Though you fly the banners of doctrine from lofty peaks and both teachers and disciples have broken free from the bonds of the threefold world, you still persist on the road of the enlightenment that takes countless kalpas to achieve, and confuse the three kinds of carts with the great white ox cart outside the gate. How could you possible attain the first stage of security and reach enlightenment in this world that is like a house on fire?"

The two officials Wake no Hiroyo and his younger brother Matsuna [who were present at the debate] commented as follows: "Through Nan-yueh, the Mystic Law of Eagle Peak was made known, and through T'ien-t'ai, the wonderful enlightenment of Mount Ta-su was opened up. But one regrets that the single vehicle of the Lotus is impeded by provisional teachings, and one grieves that the unification of the three truths has yet to be made manifest."

The fourteen priests commented as follows: "Zengi and the others of our group have met with great good fortune because of karmic bonds and have been privileged to hear these extraordinary words. Were it not for some profound karmic tie, how could we have been born in this sacred age?"

These fourteen men had in the past transmitted the teachings of the various Chinese and Japanese patriarchs of their respective sects such as Fa-tsang and Shinjo of the Kegon sect, Chia-hsiang and Kanroku of the Sanron sect, Tz'u-en and Dosho of the Hosso sect, or Tao-hsuan and Ganjin of the Ritsu sect. Thus, although the vessel in which the water of doctrine was contained had changed from generation to generation, the water remained the same.

But now these fourteen men abandoned the erroneous doctrines that they had previously held and embraced the teachings of the Lotus Sutra as expounded by Saicho, the Great Teacher Dengyo. Therefore, how could anyone in later times assert that the Kegon, Hannya or Jimmitsu Sutra surpasses the Lotus Sutra?

These fourteen men had of course studied the doctrines of the three Hinayana sects, [Jojitsu, Kusha and Ritsu]. But since the three Mahayana sects [of Kegon, Sanron and Hosso] had suffered a doctrinal defeat, we need hardly mention the Hinayana sects. However, there are some persons today who, being unaware of what actually happened, believe that one or another of the six sects did not suffer a doctrinal defeat. They are like blind men who cannot see the sun and moon, or deaf men who cannot hear the sound of thunder, and who therefore conclude that there are no sun and moon in the heavens, or that the skies emit no sound.

With regard to the Shingon sect, during the reign of the forty-fourth sovereign Empress Gensho, Shan-wu-wei brought the Dainichi Sutra to Japan, but returned to China without spreading a knowledge of it. Moreover, Gembo brought back from China a commentary on the Dainichi Sutra, the Dainichikyo Gishaku in fourteen volumes, as did the Preceptor Tokusei of Todai-ji.

These works were studied by the Great Teacher Dengyo, but he had doubts about what they said concerning the relative worth of the Dainichi and Lotus sutras. Therefore, in the seventh month of the twenty-third year of the Enryaku era (804), he went to China, where he met the priests Tao-sui of Hsi-ming-ssu temple and Hsing-man of Fo-lung-ssu, and received the Shikan teachings and the great precepts for perfect and immediate enlightenment. He also met the priest Shun-hsiao of Ling-kan-ssu and received instruction in the Shingon teachings. He returned to Japan in the sixth month of the twenty-fourth year of Enryaku (805). He was granted an audience with Emperor Kammu, and the emperor thereupon issued an edict instructing the students of the six sects to study the Shikan and Shingon teachings and to preserve them in the seven major temples of Nara.

In China there were various theories concerning the relative superiority of these two teachings, the Shikan and the Shingon. Moreover, the Dainichikyo Gishaku claims that, though they are equal in terms of principle, the Shingon is superior in terms of practice.

The Great Teacher Dengyo, however, realized that this was an error on the part of Shan-wu-wei and understood that the Dainichi Sutra is inferior to the Lotus Sutra. Therefore he did not establish the Shingon teachings as an eighth sect, but instead incorporated them into the teachings of the seventh sect, the Hokke sect, after removing from them the label "Shingon sect." He declared that the Dainichi Sutra is to be regarded as a supplementary sutra of the Hokke-Tendai sect and ranked it along with the Kegon, Daibon Hannya and Nirvana sutras. However, at the time there was much dispute over whether or not a vitally important Mahayana specific ordination platform of perfect and immediate enlightenment should be established in Japan. Perhaps because of the trouble that arose on this account, it seems that the Great Teacher Dengyo did not give his disciples clear instructions concerning the relative superiority of the Shingon and Tendai teachings.

In a work called the Ebyo Shu, however, he clearly states that the Shingon school stole the correct doctrines of the Hokke-Tendai school and incorporated them into its interpretation of the Dainichi Sutra, thereafter declaring that the two schools were equal in terms of principle. Thus the Shingon school had in effect surrendered to the Tendai school.

This is even more evident when we consider that, after the death of Shan-wu-wei and Chin-kang-chih, the Shingon patriarch Pu-k'ung went to India, where he met Bodhisattva Nagabodhi. Nagabodhi informed him that there were no treatises or commentaries in India that made clear the Buddha's intent, but that in China there was a commentary by a man named T'ien-t'ai that enabled one to distinguish correct from incorrect teachings and to understand the difference between partial doctrines and those that are complete. He exclaimed this in admiration and repeatedly begged that a copy of the work be brought to India.

This incident was reported to the Great Teacher Miao-lo by Pu-k'ung's disciple Han-kuang, as is recorded at the end of the tenth volume of Miao-lo's Hokke Mongu Ki. It is also recorded in Dengyo's Ebyo Shu. From this it is perfectly evident that the Great Teacher Dengyo believed the Dainichi Sutra to be inferior to the Lotus Sutra.

Thus it becomes apparent that Shakyamuni Buddha, the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai, the Great Teacher Miao-lo and the Great Teacher Dengyo were of one mind in regarding the Lotus Sutra as the greatest of all the sutras, including the Dainichi Sutra. Moreover, Bodhisattva Nagarjuna, who is regarded as the founder of the Shingon sect, held the same opinion, as becomes obvious if we carefully examine his Daichido Ron. Unfortunately, however, the Bodaishin Ron produced by Pu-k'ung is full of errors and has led everyone astray, bringing about the present condition.

We come now to the disciple of the Administrator of Monks Gonso of Iwabuchi named Kukai, known in later ages as Kobo Daishi or the Great Teacher Kobo. On the twelfth day of the fifth month in the twenty-third year of Enryaku (804), he set out for China. After arriving there, he met the priest Hui-kuo, whose teacher belonged to the third generation of the Shingon lineage beginning with Shan-wu-wei and Chin-kang-chih. From Hui-kuo he received the transmission of the two Shingon mandalas. He returned to Japan on the twenty-second day of the tenth month in the second year of Daido (807).

It was then the reign of Emperor Heizei, Emperor Kammu having passed away a short time before. Kukai was granted an audience with Emperor Heizei, who placed great confidence in him and embraced his teachings, valuing them above all. Not long after (809), Emperor Heizei ceded the throne to Emperor Saga, with whom Kukai likewise ingratiated himself. The Great Teacher Dengyo passed away on the fourth day of the sixth month of the thirteenth year of Konin (822), during the reign of Emperor Saga. From the fourteenth year of the same era (823), Kukai served as teacher to the sovereign. He established the Shingon sect, was given supervision of the temple known as To-ji, and was referred to as the Shingon Priest. Thus Shingon, the eighth sect of Buddhism in Japan, had its start.

Kukai commented as follows on the relative merit of the teachings of the Buddha's lifetime: "First is the Dainichi Sutra of the Shingon sect, second is the Kegon Sutra, and third are the Lotus and Nirvana sutras.

"In comparison to the Agon, Hodo and Hannya sutras, the Lotus is a true sutra, but from the point of view of the Kegon and Dainichi sutras, it is a doctrine of childish theory.

"Though the Lord Shakyamuni was a Buddha, in comparison to the Buddha Dainichi or Mahavairochana, he was still in the region of darkness. The latter is as exalted as an emperor; the former, by comparison, is as lowly as a subjugated barbarian.

"The Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai is a thief. He stole the ghee of the Shingon and claimed that the Lotus Sutra is ghee."

This is the sort of thing that Kukai, or Kobo Daishi, wrote. As a result, though people may previously have believed that the Lotus is the greatest of all sutras, after hearing of Kobo, they no longer regarded it as worthy of notice.

I will set aside the heresies propounded by Brahmans in India. But these pronouncements of Kukai are certainly worse than those put forward by the priests of northern and southern China who declared that, in comparison to the Nirvana Sutra, the Lotus Sutra is a work of heretical views. They go even farther than the assertions of those members of the Kegon school who stated that, in comparison to the Kegon Sutra, the Lotus Sutra represents the "branch teachings." One is reminded of that Great Arrogant Brahman of India who fashioned a tall dais with the deities Maheshvara, Narayana and Vishnu, along with Shakyamuni Buddha, as the four legs to support it, and then climbed up on it and preached his fallacious doctrines.

If only the Great Teacher Dengyo had still been alive, he would surely have had a word to say on the subject. But how could his disciples Gishin, Encho, Jikaku and Chisho have failed to question the matter more closely? That was a great misfortune to the world!

Jikaku Daishi went to China in the fifth year of Jowa (838) and spent ten years there studying the doctrines of the Tendai and Shingon schools. With regard to the relative merit of the Lotus and Dainichi sutras, he studied under Fa-ch'uan, Yuan-cheng and others, eight Shingon teachers in all, and was taught by them that, although the Lotus and Dainichi sutras are equal in principle, the latter is superior in terms of practice. He also studied under Chih-yuan, Kuang-hsiu and Wei-chuan of the Tendai school, and was taught that the Dainichi Sutra belongs to the Hodo group of sutras [which are inferior to the Lotus Sutra].

On the tenth day of the ninth month in the thirteenth year of Jowa (846), he returned to Japan, and on the fourteenth day of the sixth month of the first year of Kajo (848), an imperial edict was handed down [permitting him to conduct the Shingon initiation ceremonies]. Perhaps because he had had difficulty determining the relative merit of the Lotus and Dainichi sutras when he was studying in China, he proceeded to write a seven-volume commentary on the Kongocho Sutra and a seven-volume commentary on the Soshitsuji Sutra, making a total of fourteen volumes. The gist of these commentaries is that the doctrines set forth in the Dainichi, Kongocho and Soshitsuji sutras and the doctrines expounded in the Lotus Sutra ultimately indicate the same principle, but because of the ritual use of mudras and mantras associated with the former, the three Shingon sutras just mentioned are superior to the Lotus Sutra.

In essence, this agrees exactly with the view of Shan-wu-wei, Chin-kang-chih and Pu-k'ung set forth in their commentary on the Dainichi Sutra. But perhaps Jikaku still had doubts in his mind, or perhaps, having resolved his own doubts, he wished to clear up the doubts of others. In any event, he placed his fourteen volumes of commentary before the object of worship in the temple where he resided and made this appeal in prayer: "Though I have written these works, the Buddha's intention is very difficult to determine. Are the Dainichi Sutra and the other two Shingon sutras associated with it superior? Or are the Lotus Sutra and the two sutras associated with it to be ranked higher?"

While he was earnestly praying in this manner, on the fifth day, early in the morning at the time of the fifth watch, a sign suddenly came to him in a dream. He dreamed that the sun was up in the blue sky, and that he took an arrow and shot at it. The arrow flew up into the sky and struck the sun. The sun began to roll over and over, and when it had almost fallen to the earth, Jikaku woke from his dream.

Delighted, he said, "I have had a very auspicious dream. These writings, in which I have declared that Shingon is superior to the Lotus Sutra, are in accord with the Buddha's will!" He then requested that an imperial edict be issued to this effect, and he disseminated his teaching throughout the country of Japan.

But the edict that was handed down as a result of this request says in effect, "It has at last become known that the Shikan doctrines of the Tendai sect and the doctrines of the Shingon sect are in principle in perfect agreement." Jikaku had prayed to confirm that the Lotus Sutra is inferior to the Dainichi Sutra, but the edict that was issued says that the Lotus Sutra and the Dainichi Sutra are the same!

Chisho Daishi in his youth in Japan was a disciple of the priest Gishin, Encho Daishi, the Superintendent Kojo and Jikaku. Thus he received instruction in both the exoteric and esoteric doctrines as they were taught in Japan at the time. But presumably because he was in doubt as to the relative superiority of the Tendai and Shingon sects, he journeyed to China. He arrived in China in the second year of Ninju (852), where he studied under the Shingon priests Fa-ch'uan and Yuan-cheng. In general, their teachings accorded with the view held by Jikaku, namely that the Dainichi Sutra and the Lotus Sutra are equal in terms of principle but that the former is superior in terms of practice.

Chisho also studied under the priest Liang-hsu of the Tendai school, who taught him that, with regard to the relative merit of the Shingon and Tendai schools, the Dainichi Sutra of the Shingon school cannot compare with the Kegon and Lotus sutras.

After spending seven years in China, Chisho returned to Japan on the seventeenth day of the fifth month in the first year of Jogan (859).

In his commentary on the Dainichi Sutra entitled the Dainichikyo Shiiki, Chisho states: "Even the Lotus Sutra cannot compare [to the Dainichi Sutra], much less the other doctrines." In this commentary, therefore, he argues that the Lotus Sutra is inferior to the Dainichi Sutra. On the other hand, in another work, the Juketsu Shu, he states: "The doctrines of Shingon and Zen ... can at best serve as a kind of introduction to the Kegon, Lotus and Nirvana sutras." And he repeats this same view in his Fugenkyo Ki and Hokke Ron Ki.

On the twenty-ninth day, the day of the cyclical sign mizunoe-saru, of the fourth month of the eighth year of Jogan, the year hinoe-inu (866), an imperial edict was handed down which stated: "We have heard that the two sects, Shingon and Tendai, and their teachings are both worthy to be called the ghee of Buddhism, and to be described as profound and recondite."

Again, on the third day of the sixth month, an edict proclaimed: "Ever since the Great Teacher Dengyo in former times established the two disciplines as the proper way for the Tendai sect, the successive heads of the sect in generation after generation have all followed this practice and transmitted both types of doctrines. Why then should their successors in later times depart from this old and established tradition?

"And yet we hear that the priests of Mount Hiei do nothing but turn against the teachings of the patriarch Dengyo and instead follow the prejudices and inclinations of their own hearts. It would appear that they give themselves almost entirely to promulgating the doctrines of other sects and make no attempt to restore the old disciplines of the Tendai sect.

"On the path inherited from the master, one cannot neglect either the Shikan or the Shingon teachings. In diligently transmitting and spreading the doctrine, must not one be proficient in both types of teachings? From now on, only a person who is thoroughly familiar with both teachings shall be appointed as head of the Tendai sect at Enryaku-ji, and this shall become a regular practice for future times."

These two men, Jikaku and Chisho, as we have seen, were disciples of Dengyo and Gishin, and in addition they journeyed to China and met eminent teachers of the Tendai and Shingon schools there. And yet it appears that they could not make up their minds as to the relative merit of these two sects. Sometimes they declared that the Shingon is superior, sometimes that the Lotus Sutra is superior, and sometimes they said that the two are equal in terms of principle but that the Shingon is superior in terms of practice. Meanwhile, an edict warned that anyone attempting to argue the relative merit of the two sects would be judged guilty of violating the imperial decree.

These pronouncements of Jikaku and Chisho were clearly inconsistent, and it would appear that the followers of the other sects placed no trust in them whatsoever. Nevertheless, an imperial edict, as we have seen, states that the two sects are equal, putting this forward as the doctrine of the Tendai patriarch, the Great Teacher Dengyo. But in what work of the Great Teacher Dengyo is this view to be found? This is something that must be looked into carefully.

For me, Nichiren, to be challenging Jikaku and Chisho because of doubts over a matter pertaining to the Great Teacher Dengyo is like a person confronting his parents and arguing with them over who is older, or a person confronting the god of the sun and claiming that his own eyes shine more brilliantly. Nevertheless, those who would defend the views of Jikaku and Chisho must produce some sort of clear scriptural of evidence to support their case. Only if they do so can they hope to gain credence for such views.

The Learned Doctor Hsuang-tsang had been to India and seen a copy of the Daibibasha Ron there, but that did not prevent him from being criticized by the Dharma Teacher Fa-pao, who had never been to India. The Learned Doctor Dharmaraksha saw a copy of the Lotus Sutra in India, but that did not prevent a man of China from pointing out that the Zokurui chapter was out of place in the translation he made of it, though that man had never seen the original text.

In like manner, though Jikaku may have studied under the Great Teacher Dengyo and received instruction from him, and though Chisho may have obtained the oral transmission from the priest Gishin, if they go against the teachings recorded in the authentic writings of Dengyo and Gishin, then how can they help but incur suspicion?

The work entitled Ebyo Shu by Dengyo is the most secret of his writings. In the preface to that work, he writes: "The school of Shingon Buddhism that has recently been brought to Japan deliberately distorts its teachings to suit its purposes, while the Kegon school that was introduced earlier attempts to disguise the fact that it was influenced by the doctrines of T'ien-t'ai. The Sanron sect, which is so infatuated with the concept of Emptiness, has forgotten Chia-hsiang's humiliation, and conceals the fact that he was completely won over to the T'ien-t'ai teachings by Chang-an. The Hosso sect, which clings to the concept of being, denies that its leader Chih-chou was converted to the teachings of the Tendai school, and that Liang-p'i used those teachings in interpreting the Ninno Sutra ... Now with all due circumspection I have written this work entitled Ebyo Shu in one volume to present to wise men of later times who share my convictions. The time is the reign of the fifty-second sovereign of Japan, the seventh year of the Konin era, the year hinoe-saru (816)."

Farther on, in the main text of the same work, he writes: "There was an eminent monk in India who had heard that the teachings of the T'ang priest T'ien-t'ai were most suitable for distinguishing correct from incorrect doctrines, and expressed a longing to become better acquainted with them."

He continues: "Does this not mean that Buddhism has been lost in India, the country of its origin, and must now be sought in the surrounding regions? But even in China there are few people who recognize the greatness of T'ien-t'ai's teachings. They are like the people of Lu."

This work, as may be seen from these quotations, criticizes the Hosso, Sanron, Kegon and Shingon sects. Now if the Great Teacher Dengyo believed that the Tendai and Shingon sects are of equal worth, then why would he criticize the latter? Furthermore, he compares the Shingon patriarch Pu-k'ung and others to the ignorant people of the state of Lu. If he really approved of the Shingon teachings as formulated by Shan-wu-wei, Chin-kang-chih and Pu-k'ung, then why would he speak ill of these men by comparing them to the people of Lu? And if the Shingon teachings of India were identical with or superior to the teachings of the Tendai sect, then why did the eminent monk of India question Pu-k'ung about them and say that the True Law had been lost in India?

Be that as it may, these two men, Jikaku and Chisho, in words claimed to be the disciples of the Great Teacher Dengyo, but at heart they were not. That is why Dengyo wrote in the preface to his work, "Now with all due circumspection I have written this work entitled Ebyo Shu in one volume to present to wise men of later times who share my convictions." The words "who share my convictions" mean in effect "those who share my conviction that the Shingon sect is inferior to the Tendai sect."

In the edict quoted earlier, which Jikaku himself had requested, it says that they "do nothing but turn against the teachings of the patriarch Dengyo and instead follow the prejudices and inclinations of their own hearts." It also states, "On the path inherited form the master, one cannot neglect either the Shikan or the Shingon teachings." But if we are to accept the words of the edict, we would have to say that Jikaku and Chisho themselves are the ones who have turned against their teacher Dengyo. It is with grave trepidation that I make charges of this kind, but if I do not do so, then the relative merit of the Dainichi and Lotus sutras will continue to be misunderstood as it is at present. That is why I risk my life to bring these charges.

[Since they themselves were mistaken,] it is altogether natural that these two men, Jikaku and Chisho, did not venture to accuse Kobo Daishi of doctrinal error. Instead of wasting all those supplies and making work for other people by insisting upon traveling all the way to China, they should have made a more careful and thorough study of the doctrines of the Great Teacher Dengyo, who was their own teacher!

It was only in the time of the first three leaders of the Tendai sect, the Great Teacher Dengyo, the priest Gishin, and the Great Teacher Encho, that the True Law was taught on Mount Hiei. Thereafter the chief priests of the Tendai sect were transformed into Shingon leaders. The area continued to be called Mount Tendai, but was presided over by a Shingon master.

Jikaku and Chisho, as we have seen, contradict the passage in the Lotus Sutra concerning all the sutras that the Buddha "has preached, now preaches, and will preach." And having contradicted that passage of the scripture, are they not to be regarded as the archenemies of Shakyamuni, Taho and the other Buddhas of the ten directions? One might have thought that Kobo was the foremost slanderer of the Law, but Jikaku and Chisho taught errors that far surpass those of Kobo.

When an error is as far from the truth as water is from fire or the earth from the sky, people will refuse to believe it, and such errors will have no chance of acceptance. Thus, for example, the doctrines of Kobo Daishi are so full of such errors that even his own disciples would not accept them. As for the practices and ceremonies of the sect, they accepted his instructions, but they could not bring themselves to accept his doctrines concerning the relative merits of the sutras. Therefore, they substituted for them the doctrines of Shan-wu-wei, Chin-kang-chih, Pu-k'ung, Jikaku and Chisho. It is the doctrine of Jikaku and Chisho that declares the Shingon and Tendai sects to be identical in principle, and all the people have accepted that declaration.

Recognizing this situation, even followers of the Tendai sect, hoping to be asked to perform the "opening of the eyes" ceremony for the dedication of Buddhist paintings or statues, adopt the mudras and mantras in which the Shingon sect is believed to excel. Thus in effect the whole of Japan goes over to the Shingon sect, and the Tendai sect is left without a single follower.

A monk and a nun, a black object and a dark blue object, are so easily confused that a person with poor eyesight might well mistake one for the other. But a priest and a layman, or a white object and a red object, even a person with poor eyesight would never confuse, much less someone with good eyes. Now the doctrines of Jikaku and Chisho are as easy to mistake for the truth as a monk is for a nun, or a black object for a dark blue one. Therefore, even wise men are led astray, and the ignorant fall into error. As a result, for the past four hundred years and more, on Mount Hiei, in Onjo-ji and To-ji temples, in Nara, the five provinces surrounding the capital, the seven outlying regions, and indeed throughout the whole land of Japan, all the people have been turned into slanderers of the Law.

In the fifth volume of the Lotus Sutra, the Buddha states: "Monjushiri, this Lotus Sutra is the secret storehouse of Buddhas. Among the sutras, it holds the highest place."

If this passage of the scripture is to be believed, then the Lotus Sutra must represent the True Law that dwells supreme above the Dainichi and all the numerous other sutras. How then, one wonders, would Shan-wu-wei, Chin-kang-chih, Pu-k'ung, Kobo, Jikaku and Chisho interpret this passage in the sutra and reconcile it with their beliefs?

Again, the seventh volume of the Lotus Sutra states: "He who can accept and uphold this sutra will be like this too--he will be the first among the multitude of living beings." If this passage of the sutra is to be believed, then the votary of the Lotus Sutra must be like the great sea as compared to the various rivers and streams, like Mount Sumeru among the host of mountains, like the god of the moon amid the multitude of stars, like the great god of the sun amid the other shining lights, like the wheel-turning kings [among all minor kings], like the god Taishaku [among the thirty-three gods] and the great god king Bonten among all various kings.

The Great Teacher Dengyo in his work entitled Hokke Shuku writes: "This sutra is like this too ... it is first among all the sutras. He who can accept and uphold this sutra will be like this too -- he will be the first among all the multitude of living beings."

After quoting this passage from the Lotus Sutra, Dengyo notes a passage from the work entitled Hokke Gengi by T'ien-t'ai [which interprets] the same passage of scripture, and explains its meaning as follows: "One should understand that the sutras on which the other sects base their teachings are not the first among the sutras, and those persons who uphold such sutras are not the first among the multitude. But the Lotus Sutra, which is upheld by the Tendai-Hokke sect, is the foremost of all the sutras, and therefore those who embrace the Lotus Sutra are first among the multitude. This is borne out by the words of the Buddha himself. How could it be mere self-praise?"

Later in the work just mentioned, Dengyo says, "Detailed explanations concerning the texts on which the various sects base their teachings are given in a separate work." The separate work he is referring to, the Ebyo Shu, states: "Now the founder of our sect, the Great Teacher T'ien-T'ai, preached the Lotus Sutra and interpreted the Lotus Sutra in a way that placed him far above the crowd; in all of China, he stood alone. One should clearly understand that he was a messenger of the Buddha. Those who praise him will receive blessings that will pile up as high as Mount Sumeru, while those who slander him will be committing a fault that will condemn them to the hell of incessant suffering."

If we go by the Lotus Sutra and the interpretations of it put forward by T'ien-t'ai, Miao-lo and Dengyo, then, in Japan at the present time, there is not a single votary of the Lotus Sutra!

In India, when Shakyamuni Buddha was preaching the Lotus Sutra as described in the Hoto chapter, he summoned all the various Buddhas and had them take their seats upon the ground. Only Dainichi Buddha was seated within the Treasure Tower, on the lower seat to the south, while Shakyamuni Buddha was seated on the upper seat to the north.

This Dainichi Buddha is the master of the Dainichi of the Womb World described in the Dainichi Sutra, and of the Dainichi of the Diamond World described in the Kongocho Sutra. This Dainichi or Taho Buddha, who has as his vassals the Dainichi Buddhas of the two worlds just mentioned, is in turn surpassed by Shakyamuni Buddha, who sits in the seat above him. This Shakyamuni Buddha is a true votary of the Lotus Sutra. Such was the situation in India.

In China, in the time of the Ch'en emperor [Shu-pao], the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai defeated in debate the Buddhist leaders of northern and southern China, and was honored with the title of Great Teacher while still alive. As Dengyo says of him, he was "far above the crowd; in all of China, he stood alone."

In Japan, the Great Teacher Dengyo defeated in debate the leaders of the six sects and became the founder and first leader of the Tendai sect in Japan.

In India, China and Japan, these three persons alone--Shakyamuni, T'ien-t'ai and Dengyo--were what the Lotus Sutra calls "the first among all the multitude of living beings."

Thus the Hokke Shuku by Dengyo states: "Shakyamuni taught that the shallow is easy to embrace, but the profound is difficult. To discard the shallow and seek the profound requires courage. The Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai trusted and obeyed Shakyamuni Buddha and worked to uphold the Hokke school, spreading its teachings throughout China. We of Mount Hiei inherited the doctrine from T'ien-t'ai and work to uphold the Hokke school and to disseminate its teachings throughout Japan."

In the eighteen hundred years or more since the passing of the Buddha, there has been only one votary of the Lotus Sutra in China and one in Japan. If Shakyamuni himself is added to the number, that makes a total of three persons.

The secular classics of China claim that a sage will appear once every thousand years, and a worthy man once every five hundred. In the Yellow River where the Ching and Wei rivers flow into it, the flow of the two tributary rivers remains separate. But it is said that once every five hundred years, one side of the river will flow clear, and once every thousand years, both sides of the river will flow clear. [In the same way, sages and worthy men appear at fixed intervals.]

In Japan, as we have seen, only on Mount Hiei in the time of the Great Teacher Dengyo was there a votary of the Lotus Sutra. Dengyo was succeeded by Gishin and Encho, the first and second chief priests of the sect, respectively. But only the first chief priest Gishin followed the ways of the Great Teacher Dengyo. The second chief priest Encho was half a disciple of Dengyo and half a disciple of Kobo.

The third chief priest, Jikaku, at first acted like a disciple of the Great Teacher Dengyo. But after he went to China at the age of forty, though he continued to call himself a disciple of Dengyo and went through the motions of carrying on Dengyo's line, he taught a kind of Buddhism that was wholly unworthy of a true disciple of Dengyo. Only in the matter of the precepts for perfect and immediate enlightenment established by Dengyo did he conduct himself like a true disciple.

He was like a bat, for a bat resembles a bird yet is not a bird, and resembles a mouse yet is not a mouse. Or he was like an owl or a hakei beast. He ate his father the Lotus Sutra, and devoured his mother, those who embrace the Lotus Sutra. When he dreamed that he shot down the sun, it must have been a portent of these crimes. And it must be because of these acts that, after his death, no grave was set aside for him.

The temple Onjo-ji, representing Chisho's branch of the Tendai sect, fought incessantly with the temple Enryaku-ji on Mount Hiei, which represented Jikaku's branch of the sect, the two going at each other like so many asuras and evil dragons. First Onjo-ji would be burned down, then the buildings on Mount Hiei. As a result, the image of Bodhisattva Miroku that had been the special object of worship of Chisho was burned, and the special object of worship of Jikaku, as well as the great lecture hall on Mount Hiei, were likewise burned. The monks of the two temples must have felt as though they had fallen into the hell of incessant suffering while they were still in this world. Only the Main Hall on Mount Hiei remained standing.

The lineage of Kobo Daishi has likewise ceased to be what it should have been. Kobo left written instructions that no one who had not received the precepts at the ordination platform [established by Ganjin] at Todai-ji should be allowed to become head of To-ji temple. The Retired Emperor Kampyo, however, founded a temple [in Kyoto] called Ninna-ji and moved a number of monks from To-ji to staff it, and he also issued a decree clearly stating that no one should be allowed to reside in Ninna-ji unless he had received the precepts for perfect and immediate enlightenment at the ordination platform on Mount Hiei. As a result, the monks of To-ji are neither disciples of Ganjin, nor are they disciples of Kobo. In terms of the precepts, they are Dengyo's disciples. However, they do not behave like true disciples of Dengyo. They turn their backs on the Lotus Sutra, which Dengyo considered to be supreme.

Kobo died on the twenty-first day of the third month in the second year of the Jowa era (835), and the imperial court sent a representative to offer prayers at his funeral. Later, however, his disciples gathered together and, bent on deception, announced that he [had not died at all but] had entered a state of deep meditation, and some of them even claimed that they had had to shave his head [because his hair had grown long]. Others asserted that while he was in China, he had hurled a three-pronged diamond-pounder all the way across the ocean to Japan; that in answer to his prayers, the sun had come out in the middle of the night; that he was an incarnation of Dainichi Buddha; or that he had instructed the Great Teacher Dengyo in the eighteen paths of esoteric Buddhism. Thus by enumerating their teacher's supposed virtues and powers, they hoped to make him appear wise, in this way lending support to his false doctrines and deluding the ruler and his ministers.

In addition, on Mount Koya there are two main temples, the original temple and the Dembo-in. The original temple, which includes the great pagoda, was founded by Kobo and is dedicated to the Buddha Dainichi [of the Womb World]. The temple called Dembo-in was founded by Shokaku-bo and is dedicated to the Dainichi of the Diamond World. These two temples fight with each other day and night, in the same way as Onjo-ji at the foot of Mount Hiei and Enryaku-ji on top of Mount Hiei. Was it the accumulation of deceit that brought about the appearance in Japan of these two calamities, [these quarrelsome temples of Mount Koya and Mount Hiei]?

You may pile up dung and call it sandalwood, but when you burn it, it will give off only the fragrance of dung. You may pile up a lot of great lies and call them the teachings of the Buddha, but they will never be anything but a gateway to the great citadel of the hell of incessant suffering.

The stupa built by the non-Buddhist leader Nigantha Nataputta over a period of several years conferred great benefit upon living beings, but when Bodhisattva Ashvaghosha bowed to it, it suddenly collapsed. The Brahman Devil Eloquence taught from behind a curtain and for a number of years succeeded in fooling others, but Bodhisattva Ashvaghosha attacked him and exposed his falsehoods. The Brahman leader Uluka turned himself into a stone and remained in that form for eight hundred years, but when Bodhisattva Dignaga berated him, he turned into water. The Taoist priests for several hundred years deceived the people of China, but when they were rebuked by the Buddhist monks Kashyapa Matanga and Chu-fa-lan, they burned their own scriptures that purported to teach the way of the immortals.

Just as Chao Kao seized control of the country and Wang Mang usurped the position of emperor, so the leaders of the Shingon sect deprived the Lotus Sutra of the rank it deserves and declared that its domain belongs instead to the Dainichi Sutra. If the monarch of the Law has been deprived of his kingdom in this manner, can the monarch of men hope to remain peaceful and unharmed?

Japan today is filled with followers of Jikaku, Chisho and Kobo -- there is not a single person who does not slander the Law!

If we stop to consider the situation, it is very much like that which prevailed in the Latter Day of the Buddha Daishogon or the Latter Day of the Law of the Buddha Issai Myoo. In the Latter Day of the Law of the Buddha Ionno, even though people repented of their wrongdoings, they still had to suffer for a thousand kalpas in the Avichi Hell. What, then, of the situation today? The Shingon priests, the people of the Zen sect and the followers of the Nembutsu show not the slightest sign of repentance in their hearts. Can there be any doubt that, as the Lotus Sutra says, "In this way they will be reborn again and again [in hell] for kalpas without number"?

Because Japan is a country where the Law is slandered, Heaven has abandoned it. And because Heaven has abandoned it, the various benevolent deities that in the past guarded and protected the nation have burned their shrines and returned to the City of Tranquil Light.

Now there is only Nichiren who remains behind, announcing and giving warning of these things. But when I do so, the rulers of the nation treat me like an enemy. People by the hundreds curse me and speak ill of me, attack me with staves and sticks, swords and knives. Door after door is closed to me, house after house drives me away. And when the authorities find that even such treatment does not stop me, they intervene in the matter. Twice they sent me into exile, and once, on the twelfth day of the ninth month in the eighth year of Bun'ei (1271), they very nearly cut off my head.

The Saishoo Sutra says, "Because evil men are respected and favored and good men are subjected to punishment,... marauders will appear from other regions and the people of the country will meet with death and disorder."

The Daijuku Sutra states, "There may perhaps be various kings of the kshatriya class who act in a way contrary to the Dharma, causing anguish to the shomon disciples of the World-Honored One. Perhaps they may curse and revile them or beat and injure them with swords and staves, or deprive them of their robes and begging bowls and the other things they need. Or perhaps they may restrain and persecute those who give alms to the disciples. If there should be those who do such things, then we [the benevolent deities] will see to it that their enemies in foreign lands rise up suddenly of their own accord and march against them, and we will cause uprisings to break out within their states. We will bring about pestilence and famine, unseasonable winds and rains, and contention, wrangling [and slander]. And we will make certain that those rulers do not last for long, but that their nations are brought to destruction."

As these passages from the sutras indicate, if I, Nichiren, were not here in Japan, then one might suppose that the Buddha was a teller of great lies for making such predictions and that he could not escape falling into the Avichi Hell.

On the twelfth day of the ninth month in the eighth year of Bun'ei, I stood in the presence of Hei no Saemon and several hundred others and declared, "Nichiren is the pillar of Japan! If you lose Nichiren, you will be toppling the pillar that supports Japan!"

The passages of scripture I have quoted indicate that if the rulers, heeding the slanders of evil monks or the vicious talk of others, should inflict punishment on men of wisdom, then warfare will immediately b others, should inflict punishment on men of wisdom, then warfare will immediately break out, great winds will blow, and attackers will appear from foreign lands. In the second month of the ninth year of Bun'ei (1272), fighting did in fact break out between two factions of the Hojo family; in the fourth month of the eleventh year of Bun'ei (1274), there were violent winds; and in the tenth month of the same year, the Mongol forces attacked Japan. Has not all of this come about because of the treatment that has been given to me, Nichiren? This is exactly what I have been predicting from times past. Can anyone be in doubt about the matter?

The errors preached by Kobo, Jikaku and Chisho have for many long years been spread about the country, and then on top of them have come the confusions propagated by the Zen and Nembutsu sects. It is as though, in addition to adverse winds, one should be visited by huge waves and earthquakes as well. With all this, the nation has been brought to the verge of destruction.

In the past the grand minister of state and lay priest Taira no Kiyomori usurped the power of government, and after the Jokyu Disturbance the imperial court ceased to exercise its rule and the seat of authority shifted east to Kamakura. But these were no more than internal disturbances; the nation as yet had not faced invasion from abroad.

Moreover, though at that time there were those who slandered the Dharma, there were also a few persons who continued to uphold the True Law of the Tendai sect. And in addition, at that time no wise man had appeared who would attempt to remedy the situation. As a result, things were relatively peaceful.

If the lion is sleeping and you do not wake him, he will not roar. If the current is swift but you do not pull against it with your oar, no waves will rise up. If you do not accuse the thief to his face, he will remain unruffled; if you do not add fuel to the fire, it will not blaze up. In the same way, though there may be those who slander the Law, if no one comes forward to expose their error, then the government will continue for the time being on its regular course and the nation will remain undisturbed.

For example, when the Buddhist Law was first introduced to Japan, nothing out of the ordinary occurred. But later, when Mononobe no Moriya began burning Buddhist statues, seizing monks and putting the torch to Buddhist halls and pagodas, then fire rained down from heaven, smallpox broke out in the nation, and there were repeated military clashes.

But the situation now is far worse. Today those who slander the Law fill the entire country, and I, Nichiren, attack them, strong in my determination to uphold what is right and just. We battle no less fiercely than the asura demons the god Taishaku, or the Buddha and the Devil King.

The Konkomyo Sutra states, "There will be times when enemies among the neighboring states will begin to have thoughts as follows: 'We must call out all our four types of troops and destroy that country [where the slanderers of the Law live].'"

The same sutra also says, "There will be times when the rulers of neighboring states, observing the situation and mobilizing their four types of troops, will make ready to set out for the country [where the slanderers of the Law live], determined to subdue it. At that time we [the great deities] will instruct all the countless, limitless numbers of yakshas and other deities who are our followers to assume disguises and protect these rulers, causing their enemies to surrender to them without difficulty."

The Saishoo Sutra states the same thing, as do the Daijuku and Ninno sutras. According to the statements of these various sutras, if the ruler of a state persecutes those who practice the True Law and instead sides with those who practice erroneous teachings, then the heavenly kings Bonten and Taishaku, the gods of the sun and the moon, and the Four Heavenly Kings will enter the bodies of the wise rulers of neighboring states and will attack his state. For example, King Krita was attacked by King Himatala, and King Mihirakula was overthrown by King Baladitya. Kings Krita and Mihirakula were rulers in India who attempted to eradicate Buddhism. In China, too, all those rulers who tried to destroy Buddhism were attacked by worthy rulers.

But the situation in Japan today is much worse. For here the rulers appear to be supporters of the Buddhist Law, but they assist the priests who are destroying Buddhism and persecute the votary of the True Law. As a result, ignorant people all fail to realize what is happening, and even wise persons, if they are no more than moderately wise, have difficulty grasping the situation. Even the lesser deities of heaven, I suspect, do not understand. For this reason, the confusion and depravity in Japan today are even greater than those in India or China in the past.

In the Hometsujin Sutra the Buddha speaks as follows: "After I have entered nirvana, in the troubled times when the five cardinal sins prevail, the way of the Devil will flourish. The Devil will appear in the form of Buddhist monks and attempt to confuse and destroy my teachings.... Those who do evil will become as numerous as the sands of the ocean, while the good will be extremely few, perhaps no more than one or two persons."

And the Nirvana Sutra says, "In this way, those who believe in the Nirvana Sutra will take up no more land than can be placed on top of a fingernail.... those who do not believe in the sutra will occupy all the lands in the ten directions."

These passages from the scriptures are extremely apt, considering the times we live in, and they are deeply etched in my mind. Nowadays in Japan one hears people everywhere declaring, "I believe in the Lotus Sutra," and "I, too, believe in the Lotus Sutra." If we took them at their word, we would have to conclude that there is not a soul who slanders the Law. But the passage from the sutra which I have just quoted says that in the Latter Day, the slanderers of the Law will occupy all the lands in the ten directions, while those who uphold the True Law will take up no more land than can be placed on top of a fingernail. What the sutra says and what the people of the world today say are as different as fire is from water. People these days say that in Japan, Nichiren is the only one who slanders the Law. But the sutra says that there will be more slanderers of the Law than the great earth itself can hold.

The Hometsujin Sutra says that there will be only one or two good persons, and the Nirvana Sutra says that the believers can fit into the space of a fingernail. If we accept what the sutras say, then in Japan Nichiren is the only good person, the one who fits into the space of a fingernail. Therefore I hope that people who are seriously concerned about the matter will consider carefully whether they want to accept what the sutras say, or what the world says.

Someone might object that the passage in the Nirvana Sutra speaks about the votaries of the Nirvana Sutra being so few that they can fit into the space of a fingernail, while I am talking about the Lotus Sutra. I would reply to this as follows.

The Nirvana Sutra defines itself as being contained in the Lotus Sutra. The Great Teacher Miao-lo says, "The great sutra is itself pointing to the Lotus Sutra and saying that it is the ultimate." The words "the great sutra" here refer to the Nirvana Sutra. The Nirvana Sutra is calling the Lotus Sutra the ultimate. Therefore, when followers of the Nirvana sect state that the Nirvana Sutra is superior to the Lotus Sutra, it is the same as calling a retainer a lord or a servant a master.

To read the Nirvana Sutra means to read the Lotus Sutra. For the Nirvana Sutra is like a worthy man who rejoices to see another holding his sovereign in esteem even when he himself is treated with contempt. Thus the Nirvana Sutra would despise and regard as its enemy anyone who tried to demote the Lotus Sutra and praise the Nirvana Sutra instead.

With this example in mind, one must understand the following point. If there are likewise those who read the Kegon Sutra, the Kammuryoju Sutra, the Dainichi Sutra, or some other sutra, and they do so thinking that the Lotus Sutra is inferior to those sutras, then they are doing violence to the very heart of those sutras! One must also understand the following point. Even though one reads the Lotus Sutra and appears to believe in it, if he thinks that he may also attain enlightenment through any other sutra as well, then he is not really reading the Lotus Sutra!

For example, the Great Teacher Chia-hsiang wrote a work in ten volumes entitled the Hokke Genron in which he praised the Lotus Sutra. But Miao-lo criticized the work, saying, "There are slanders in it -- how can it be regarded as true propagation and praise?"

Chia-hsiang was in fact an offender against the Lotus Sutra. Thus, when he was defeated by the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai and served him, he no longer lectured on the Lotus Sutra. "If I were to lecture on it," he said, "I could not avoid falling back into the paths of evil." And for seven years, he made his own body a bridge for T'ien-t'ai to walk on.

Similarly, the Great Teacher Tz'u-en wrote a work in ten volumes entitled the Hokke Genzan in which he praised the Lotus Sutra, but the Great Teacher Dengyo criticized it, saying, "Even though he praises the Lotus Sutra, he destroys its heart."

If we consider these examples carefully, we will realize that, among those who read the Lotus Sutra and sing its praises, there are many who are destined for the hell of incessant suffering. Even men like Chia-hsiang and Tz'u-en were actually slanderers of the one vehicle of the Lotus Sutra. And if such can be said of them, it applies even more to men like Kobo, Jikaku and Chisho, who displayed open contempt for the Lotus Sutra.

There are those like Chia-hsiang, who ceased giving lectures, dispersed the group of disciples that had gathered around him, and became a disciple of T'ien-t'ai, even making his body into a bridge for his teacher. But in spite of these actions, the offense of his earlier slanders of the Lotus Sutra was not, I expect, so easily wiped out. The crowd of people who despised and attacked Bodhisattva Fukyo, although they later came to believe in his teachings and became his followers, still carried the burden of their former actions and had to spend a thousand kalpas in the Avichi Hell as a result.

Accordingly, if men like Kobo, Jikaku and Chisho had lectured on the Lotus Sutra, even if they had repented of their errors, they would still have had difficulty making up for their former grave offenses. And of course, as we know, they never had any such change of heart. On the contrary, they completely ignored the Lotus Sutra and spent day and night carrying out Shingon practices and morning and evening preaching Shingon doctrine.

The bodhisattvas Vasubandhu and Ashvaghosha were both on the point of cutting out their tongues because of the offense they had committed [in their younger days] by adhering to Hinayana doctrines and criticizing Mahayana. Vasubandhu declared that, although the Agon sutras of the Hinayana were the words of the Buddha, he would not let his tongue utter them even in jest. And Ashvaghosha, as an act of penance, wrote the Kishin Ron in which he refuted the Hinayana teachings.

Chia-hsiang in time went to the Great Teacher T'ien-t'ai and begged for his lectures. In the presence of a hundred or more distinguished Buddhists, he threw himself on the ground, and, with sweat pouring from every part of his body and tears of blood streaming from his eyes, he declared that from then on he would not see his disciples any more and would no longer lecture on the Lotus Sutra. For, as he said, "If I were to go on facing my disciples and lecturing on the Lotus Sutra, they might suppose that I have the ability to understand the sutra correctly, when in fact I do not."

Chia-hsiang was both older and more eminent than T'ien-t'ai, and yet, in the presence of others, he deliberately put his teacher T'ien-t'ai on his back and carried him across a river. Whenever T'ien-t'ai was about to ascend the lecture platform, Chia-hsiang would take him on his back and carry him up to the platform. After T'ien-t'ai's death, when Chia-hsiang was summoned into the presence of the emperor of the Sui dynasty, he is said to have wept and dragged his feet like a little child whose mother has just died.

When one examines the work entitled Hokke Genron by Chia-hsiang, one finds that it is not the kind of commentary that speaks slanderously of the Lotus Sutra. It merely says that, although the Lotus Sutra and the other Mahayana sutras differ in the profundity of their teachings, they are at heart one and the same. Is this statement perhaps the source of the charge that the work slanders the Law?

Both Ch'eng-kuan of the Kegon school and Shan-wu-wei of the Shingon school declared that the Lotus Sutra and the Dainichi Sutra reveal the same principle. Therefore, if Chia-hsiang is to be blamed for the statement I have just referred to, then Shan-wu-wei can hardly escape being blamed as well.

Shan-wu-wei in his youth was the ruler of a kingdom in central India. But he abdicated the throne and traveled to other lands, where he met two men named Shusho and Shodai from whom he received instruction in the Lotus Sutra. He built a thousand stone stupas, and appeared to be a votary of the Lotus Sutra. Later, however, after he had received instruction in the Dainichi Sutra, he seems to have concluded that the Lotus Sutra is inferior to the Dainichi Sutra. He did not insist on this opinion at first, but came to do so later when he went to China and became a teacher to Emperor Hsuan-tsung of the T'ang dynasty.

Perhaps because he was consumed by jealousy of the Tendai school, he died very suddenly and found himself bound with seven cords of iron and dragged by two guardians of hell to the court of Emma, the king of hell. But he was told that his life span had not yet reached its conclusion and therefore was sent back to the world of men.

While in hell, he suspected that he had been brought before Emma because he had slandered the Lotus Sutra, and he therefore quickly set aside all his Shingon mudras, mantras and methods of concentration and instead chanted the passage from the Lotus Sutra that begins, "Now this threefold world is all my [the Buddha's] domain," whereupon the cords that bound him fell away and he was returned to life.

On another occasion, he was ordered by the imperial court to recite prayers for rain and rain did in fact suddenly begin to fall, but a huge wind also rose up and did great damage to the country.

Later, when he really did die, his disciples gathered around his deathbed and praised the remarkable way in which he died, but in fact he fell into the great citadel of the hell of incessant suffering. You may ask how I know that this is so. I would reply that, if you examine his biography, you will find it stated, "Looking now at Shan-wu-wei's remains, one can see that they are gradually shrinking, the skin is turning blackish and the bones are exposed.

Shan-wu-wei's disciples perhaps did not realize that this was a sign that after his death he had been reborn in hell, but supposed that it was a manifestation of his virtue. Yet in describing it, the author of the biography exposed Shan-wu-wei's guilt, recording that after his death his body gradually shrank, the skin turned black and the bones began to show.

We have the Buddha's own golden word for it that, if a person's skin turns black after he dies, it is a sign that he has done something that destined him for hell. What was it, then, that Shan-wu-wei did that would destine him for hell? In his youth he gave up the position of ruler, showing that he had an incomparable determination to seek the Way. He traveled about to more than fifty different lands in India in the course of his religious practice, and his unbounded compassion even led him to visit China. The fact that the Shingon teachings have been transmitted throughout India, China, Japan and the other lands of the world and numerous practitioners ring bells in prayer is due to the merit of this man, is it not? Those who are concerned about their own destiny after death should inquire carefully as to the reason why Shan-wu-wei fell into hell.

Then there was Chin-kang-chih, who was a son of the ruler of a kingdom in southern India. He introduced the Kongocho Sutra to China, and his virtue was similar to that of Shan-wu-wei. He and Shan-wu-wei acted as teachers to one another.

Chin-kang-chih received an imperial order to conduct prayers for rain. Within the space of seven days, rain did in fact fall, and the Son of Heaven was very pleased. Suddenly, however, a violent wind arose, and the ruler and his ministers, much disillusioned, sent men to drive Chin-kang-chih out of the country, though in the end he managed to remain in China under one pretext or another.

Sometime later, when one of the emperor's favorite daughters lay dying, he was ordered to pray for her recovery. He selected two seven-year-old girls who had served at the court to be substitutes for the dying lady and had piles of firewood lighted all around them, so that they burned to death. It was indeed a cruel thing to do. Moreover, the emperor's daughter failed to return to life.

Pu-k'ung came to China together with Chin-kang-chih. But, perhaps because his suspicions were aroused by the happenings I have just mentioned, after Shan-wu-wei and Chin-kang-chih died, he returned to India and studied Shingon doctrine all over again, this time under Nagabodhi. In the end, he became a convert to the teachings of the T'ien-t'ai school. But although he acknowledged allegiance to these teachings in his heart, he would never do so in his outward actions.

Pu-k'ung, too, was ordered by the emperor to pray for rain, and within three days, rain did in fact fall. The emperor was pleased and dispensed rewards with his own hand. But shortly after, a huge wind descended from the sky, buffeting and damaging the imperial palace and toppling the quarters of the upper noblemen and high ministers until it seemed that not a building would be left standing. The emperor, astounded, issued an imperial command for prayers that the wind be stopped. But though it would stop for a little, it would start blowing again and again, until in the end it blew uninterrupted for a space of several days. Eventually, messengers were dispatched to drive Pu-k'ung out of the country, and then at last the wind subsided.

The evil winds of these three men have become the huge wind of the Shingon leaders that blows throughout all of China and Japan! And if that is so, then the great gale that arose on the twelfth day of the fourth month in the eleventh year of Bun'ei (1274) must have been an adverse wind brought about by Kaga Hoin of the Amida Hall, one of the most eminent monks of To-ji temple, when he was praying for rain. We must conclude that the evil teachings of Shan-wu-wei, Chin-kang-chih and Pu-k'ung have been transmitted without the slightest alteration. What a strange coincidence indeed!

Let us turn now to Kobo Daishi. At the time of the great drought in the second month of the first year of Tencho (824), the emperor first ordered Shubin to pray for rain, and within seven days Shubin was able to make rain fall. But the rain fell only in the capital and did not extend to the countryside.

Kobo was then ordered to take over the prayers for rain, but seven days passed and there was no sign of it. Another seven days passed and there still were no clouds. After seven more days had passed, the emperor ordered Wake no Matsuna to go and present offerings in the Shinsen'en garden, whereupon rain fell from the sky for a period of three days. Kobo and his disciples thereupon proceeded to appropriate this rain and claim it as their own, and for more than four hundred years now, it has been known as "Kobo's rain."

Jikaku said he had a dream in which he shot down the sun. And Kobo told a great falsehood, claiming that, in the spring of the ninth year of the Konin era (818), when he was praying for an end to the great epidemic, the sun came out in the middle of the night.

Since the Kalpa of Formation, when the earth took shape, down to the ninth kalpa of decrease in the Kalpa of Continuance, twenty-nine kalpas have passed by, but in all that time, the sun has never been known to come out at night! And as to Jikaku's dream of the sun, where in all the five thousand or seven thousand volumes of the Buddhist scriptures or the three thousand or more volumes of the secular classics is it recorded that to dream of shooting the sun is auspicious? The king of the asuras, angered at the deity Taishaku, shot an arrow at the sun god, but the arrow came back and struck the king himself in the eye. Chou, the last ruler of the Yin dynasty, used the sun as a target for his arrows, and in the end he was destroyed.

In Japan, in the reign of Emperor Jimmu, the emperor's elder brother Itsuse no Mikoto engaged in battle with the chieftain of Tomi, Nagasunebiko, and Itsuse no Mikoto was wounded in the hand by an arrow. He said, "I am a descendent of the sun deity. But because I have drawn my bow while facing the sun, I have incurred this punishment from the sun deity."

In India, King Ajatashatru renounced his earlier mistaken views and became a follower of the Buddha. He returned to his palace and lay down to sleep, but later rose up in alarm and said to his ministers, "I have dreamed that the sun has left the sky and fallen to the earth!" His ministers said, "Perhaps this means the passing away of the Buddha." Subhadra also had the same kind of dream just before the Buddha passed away.

It would be particularly inauspicious to dream, [as Jikaku claims he did,] of shooting the sun in Japan, since the supreme deity in Japan is Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess, and the name of the country, Japan, means "the Land of the Rising Sun." In addition, Shakyamuni Buddha is called the "Sun Seed" because his mother Queen Maya dreamed that she conceived the sun and in time gave birth to this child, the crown prince, [who later became the Buddha].

Jikaku Daishi established Dainichi Buddha as the object of worship on Mount Hiei and rejected Shakyamuni Buddha. He paid honor to the three Shingon sutras and acted as an enemy to the Lotus Sutra and its two companion sutras. That was no doubt the reason why he dreamed this dream of shooting the sun.

On the subject of dreams, there is also the case of the priest Shan-tao in China. In his youth he met a priest named Ming-sheng of Mi-chou and received instruction in the Lotus Sutra. Later, however, when he met Tao-ch'o, he threw aside the Lotus Sutra and put all his trust in the Kammuryoju Sutra. He even wrote a commentary on this sutra, which asserted that with the Lotus Sutra, not one person in a thousand can be saved, whereas the Nembutsu practice insures that ten persons out of ten or a hundred persons out of a hundred will be reborn in the Pure Land. In order to prove his point, he prayed before Amida Buddha to confirm whether or not his views accorded with the Buddha's intent. His commentary says, "Every night in a dream a priest would appear and tell me what to write," and, "Therefore this commentary should be regarded with the same respect as the sutra itself." It also says, "The Kannen Homon should also be revered as though it was a sutra."

The Lotus Sutra says, "Among those who hear of this Law, there is not one who shall not attain Buddhahood." But Shan-tao says that not one in a thousand will be saved. The Lotus Sutra and Shan-tao are as different as fire is from water. Shan-tao says that the Kammuryoju Sutra can save ten persons out of ten, or a hundred persons out of a hundred. But in the Muryogi Sutra the Buddha says that in the Kammuryoju Sutra, "I have not yet revealed the truth." The Muryogi Sutra and this priest of the Willow Cloister are as far apart as heaven and earth.

In view of this, can we really believe that Amida Buddha took on the form of a priest and appeared to Shan-tao in dreams to assure him that his commentary represented the truth? Was not Amida among those present when the Lotus Sutra was preached, and did he not extend his tongue along with the others and testify to the truth of the sutra? Were his attendants, the bodhisattvas Kannon and Seishi, not also present when the Lotus Sutra was preached? The answers to these questions are obvious, and in like manner, if we stop to think of it, we can see that Jikaku's dream was a portent of evil.

Question: Kobo Daishi in his Shingyo Hiken or Secret Key to the Heart Sutra writes: "In the spring of the ninth year of Konin (818), the empire was troubled by a great plague. Thereupon the emperor in person dipped his writing brush in gold, took a piece of dark blue paper in his hand, and wrote out a copy of the Hannya Shin, or Heart, Sutra, in one roll. I had been appointed by the ruler to lecture on the Heart Sutra. Having compiled my explanations of its meaning, I [was delivering the lecture but] had not yet reached my concluding remarks, when those who had recovered from the plague began to fill the streets of the capital. Moreover, when night came, the sun continued to shine bright and red.

"This was certainly not the result of any virtuous observance of the precepts on the part of an ignorant person like myself, but was due rather to the power of faith manifested by the sovereign as the gold-wheel-turning king. Nevertheless, those who go to pray at the shrines of the gods should recite this commentary of mine. For I was present long ago at Eagle Peak when the Buddha preached the Heart Sutra, and I personally heard him expound its profound doctrines. How, then, could I fail to understand its meaning?"

Again in the work entitled Kujakukyo no Ongi, or Annotations on the Peacock Sutra, we read: "After Kobo Daishi returned from China, he desired to establish the Shingon sect in Japan, and representatives of all the various sects were summoned to the imperial court. But many of them had doubts about the Shingon doctrine of the attaining of Buddhahood in one's present form. Kobo Daishi thereupon formed his hands in the wisdom mudra and faced south. Suddenly his mouth opened and he turned into the golden-colored Buddha Mahavairochana--that is, he reverted to his original form. In this way he demonstrated that the Buddha is present in the individual and the individual is present in the Buddha, and that one can immediately attain Buddhahood in this very existence. On that day, all doubts concerning the matter were completely resolved, and from that time the Shingon or Yuga sect with its doctrines of secret mandalas was established."

The same work also says, "At this time the leaders of the other sects all bowed to the opinion of Kobo Daishi and for the first time received instruction in Shingon, sought its benefit and practiced it. Dosho of the Sanron sect, Gennin of the Hosso sect, Doo of the Kegon sect, and Encho of the Tendai sect were all among those who did so."

In addition, the biography of Kobo Daishi states: "On the day when he set out by ship from China, he voiced a prayer, saying, 'If there is a spot that is particularly suitable for the teaching of these doctrines that I have learned, may this three-pronged pounder land there!'